Selected Research Papers on Mix-Networks

Yodel: Strong Metadata Security for Real-Time Voice Calls [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
David Lazar, Yossi Gilad, Nickolai Zeldovich
In Proc. of: 12th Workshop on Hot Topics in Privacy Enhancing Technologies (HotPETs 2019), 2019,
XRD: Scalable Messaging System with Cryptographic Privacy [url, bib]
Albert Kwon, David Lu, Srinivas Devadas
Article in: arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04368 ., 2019,

Karaoke: Distributed private messaging immune to passive traffic analysis [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
David Lazar, Yossi Gilad, Nickolai Zeldovich
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), 2018,
Verifiability of helios mixnet [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Ben Smyth
In Proc. of: International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2018,
A Universally Composable Framework for the Privacy of Email Ecosystems [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Pyrros Chaidos, Olga Fourtounelli, Aggelos Kiayias, Thomas Zacharias
In Proc. of: Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2018 - 24th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, December 2-6, 2018, Proceedings, Part III, 2018,
Anonymity Trilemma: Strong Anonymity, Low Bandwidth Overhead, Low Latency - Choose Two [url, bib]
Debajyoti Das, Sebastian Meiser, Esfandiar Mohammadi, Aniket Kate
In Proc. of: 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2018, Proceedings, 21-23 May 2018, San Francisco, California, USA, 2018,
A Survey on Routing in Anonymous Communication Protocols [url, bib]
Fatemeh Shirazi, Milivoj Simeonovski, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Michael Backes, Claudia D\'ıaz
Article in: ACM Computing Surveys 51.3, 2018,

Atom: Horizontally scaling strong anonymity [url, bib]
Albert Kwon, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Srinivas Devadas, Bryan Ford
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2017,
MCMix: Anonymous Messaging via Secure Multiparty Computation [url, bib]
Nikolaos Alexopoulos, Aggelos Kiayias, Riivo Talviste, Thomas Zacharias
In Proc. of: 26th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 16-18, 2017., 2017,
No right to remain silent: Isolating Malicious Mixes [bib]
Hemi Leibowitz, Ania Piotrowska, George Danezis, Amir Herzberg
Miscellaneous, 2017
The Loopix Anonymity System [url, bib]
Ania Piotrowska, Jamie Hayes, Tariq Elahi, Sebastian Meiser, George Danezis
Article in: arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.00536 ., 2017,

Alpenhorn: Bootstrapping secure communication without leaking metadata [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
David Lazar, Nickolai Zeldovich
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), Savannah, GA, 2016,
Improving the Sphinx Mix Network [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Filipe Beato, Kimmo Halunen, Bart Mennink
In Proc. of: International Conference on Cryptology and Network Security, 2016,
Two Cents for Strong Anonymity: The Anonymous Post-office Protocol [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Nethanel Gelernter, Amir Herzberg, Hemi Leibowitz
Miscellaneous, 2016
cMix: Anonymization by high-performance scalable mixing [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
David Chaum, Farid Javani, Aniket Kate, Anna Krasnova, Joeri Ruiter, Alan T Sherman, Debajyoti Das
Technical Report, 2016, Technical report
Attacks on cMix-Some Small Overlooked Details [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Herman Galteland, Stig F Mjølsnes, Ruxandra F Olimid
Article in: ., 2016,
Stadium: A Distributed Metadata-Private Messaging System [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Nirvan Tyagi, Yossi Gilad, Matei Zaharia, Nickolai Zeldovich
Article in: ., 2016,
Riffle [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Albert Kwon, David Lazar, Srinivas Devadas, Bryan Ford
Article in: Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2016.2, 2016, De Gruyter Open

Vuvuzela: Scalable private messaging resistant to traffic analysis [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Jelle Van Den Hooff, David Lazar, Matei Zaharia, Nickolai Zeldovich
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2015,
Herd: A scalable, traffic analysis resistant anonymity network for VoIP systems [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Stevens Le Blond, David Choffnes, William Caldwell, Peter Druschel, Nicholas Merritt
In Proc. of: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2015,
Riposte: An anonymous messaging system handling millions of users [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Dan Boneh, David Mazières
In Proc. of: 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2015,
Multi-Binomial Mix: A Proposal for Secure and Efficient Anonymous Communication [url, bib]
Shaahin Madani, Ibrahim Khalil
Article in: Computer Networks 93, Part 1., 2015,
Improving Security and Efficiency of Mix-Based Anonymous Communication Systems [url, bib]
Shaahin Madani
Ph.D thesis: RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, 2015

Formal Analysis of Chaumian Mix Nets with Randomized Partial Checking [bib]
Ralf Küsters, Tomasz Truderung, Andreas Vogt
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2014, IEEE
Mixcoin: Anonymity for Bitcoin with accountable mixes [bib]
Joseph Bonneau, Jeremy Clark, Joshua A. Kroll, Andrew Miller, Arvind Narayanan
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC'14), 2014,

Why I'm not an Entropist [bib]
Paul Syverson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Security Protocols XVII: 17th International Workshop, April 2009, Revised Selected Papers, 2013, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 7028

Dissent in numbers: Making strong anonymity scale [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
David Isaac Wolinsky, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Bryan Ford, Aaron Johnson
In Proc. of: USENIX OSDI, 2012,

Sleeping dogs lie on a bed of onions but wake when mixed [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Paul Syverson
Miscellaneous, 2011

Impact of Network Topology on Anonymity and Overhead in Low-Latency Anonymity Networks [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Claudia Diaz, Steven J. Murdoch, Carmela Troncoso
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 10th Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS 2010), 2010,

The bayesian traffic analysis of mix networks [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Carmela Troncoso, George Danezis
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, 2009,
Using Linkability Information to Attack Mix-Based Anonymity Services [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Stefan Schiffner, Sebastian Clauß
In Proc. of: International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium, 2009,
Sphinx: A Compact and Provably Secure Mix Format [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
George Danezis, Ian Goldberg
In Proc. of: 2009 30th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2009,

Breaking and Provably Fixing Minx [bib]
Eric Shimshock, Matt Staats, Nicholas Hopper
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETS 2008), 2008, Springer
A Framework for the Analysis of Mix-Based Steganographic File Systems [bib]
Claudia Diaz, Carmela Troncoso, Bart Preneel
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 13th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS 2008), 2008, Springer-Verlag

Denial of service or denial of security? [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Nikita Borisov, George Danezis, Prateek Mittal, Parisa Tabriz
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2007,
A Fresh Look at the Generalized Mix Framework [bib]
Andrei Serjantov
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET 2007), 2007, Springer
Anonymity in the wild: Mixes on unstructured networks [bib]
Shishir Nagaraja
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET 2007), 2007, Springer

Measuring Relationship Anonymity in Mix Networks [bib]
Vitaly Shmatikov, Ming-Hsiu Wang
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2006), 2006,
Nonesuch: a mix network with sender unobservability [bib]
Thomas S. Heydt-Benjamin, Andrei Serjantov, Benessa Defend
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2006), 2006, ACM Press
Breaking the Collusion Detection Mechanism of MorphMix [bib]
Parisa Tabriz, Nikita Borisov
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET 2006), 2006, Springer
Timing channels, anonymity, mixes, and spikes [bib]
Ira S. Moskowitz, Richard E. Newman
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2nd IASTED international conference on Advances in computer science and technology (ACST '06), 2006, ACTA Press
M2: Multicasting Mixes for Efficient and Anonymous Communication [bib]
Ginger Perng, Michael K. Reiter, Chenxi Wang
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 2006,
Deterring Voluntary Trace Disclosure in Re-encryption Mix Networks [bib]
Philippe Golle, XiaoFeng Wang, Markus Jakobsson, Alex Tsow
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2006, IEEE CS
Efficient anonymity-preserving data collection [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Justin Brickell, Vitaly Shmatikov
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, 2006,
The Chances of Successful Attacks against Continuous-time Mixes [bib]
Gergely Tóth, Zoltán Hornák
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Workshop on Secure IT-systems, Linköping, Sweden, 2006,
Breaking Four Mix-related Schemes Based on Universal Re-encryption [bib]
George Danezis
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Security Conference 2006, 2006, Springer-Verlag
Timing Analysis in Low-Latency Mix Networks: Attacks and Defenses [bib]
Vitaly Shmatikov, Ming-Hsiu Wang
In Proc. of: Proceedings of ESORICS 2006, 2006,
Regroup-And-Go mixes to counter the $(n-1)$ attack [bib]
Jin-Qiao Shi, Bin-Xing Fang, Li-Jie Shao
Article in: Journal of Internet Research 16.2, 2006, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Fundamental Limits on the Anonymity Provided by the MIX Technique [bib]
Dogan Kesdogan, Dakshi Agrawal, Vinh Pham, Dieter Rautenbach
Article in: sp 0., 2006, IEEE Computer Society
From DC-Nets to pMIXes: Multiple Variants for Anonymous Communications [bib]
C.A. Melchor, Y. Deswarte
Article in: Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications ., 2006, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA

An Analysis of Parallel Mixing with Attacker-Controlled Inputs [bib]
Nikita Borisov
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2005), 2005,
Unmixing Mix Traffic [bib]
Ye Zhu, Riccardo Bettati
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2005), 2005,
Mix-network with Stronger Security [bib]
Jan Camenisch, Anton Mityagin
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2005), 2005,
Compulsion Resistant Anonymous Communications [bib]
George Danezis, Jolyon Clulow
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2005), 2005,
Provable Anonymity for Networks of Mixes [bib]
Marek Klonowski, Miroslaw Kutylowski
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2005), 2005,
On Blending Attacks For Mixes with Memory [bib]
Luke O'Connor
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2005), 2005,
Intersection Attacks on Web-Mixes: Bringing the Theory into Praxis [bib]
Dogan Kesdogan, Lexi Pimenidis, Tobias Kölsch
In Proc. of: Proceedings of First Workshop on Quality of Protection, 2005,
Obfuscated Ciphertext Mixing [bib]
Ben Adida, Douglas Wikström
Miscellaneous, 2005

Minx: A simple and efficient anonymous packet format [bib]
George Danezis, Ben Laurie
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2004), 2004,
Fragile Mixing [bib]
Michael Reiter, XiaoFeng Wang
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2004), 2004, ACM Press
Parallel Mixing [bib]
Philippe Golle, Ari Juels
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2004), 2004, ACM Press
Universal Re-Encryption for Mixnets [bib]
Philippe Golle, Markus Jakobsson, Ari Juels, Paul Syverson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2004 RSA Conference, Cryptographer's track, 2004,
Anonymity and Covert Channels in Simple Timed Mix-firewalls [bib]
Richard E. Newman, Vipan R. Nalla, Ira S. Moskowitz
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
The Traffic Analysis of Continuous-Time Mixes [bib]
George Danezis
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
Reputable Mix Networks [bib]
Philippe Golle
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
An Improved Construction for Universal Re-encryption [bib]
Peter Fairbrother
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
Synchronous Batching: From Cascades to Free Routes [bib]
Roger Dingledine, Vitaly Shmatikov, Paul Syverson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
On Flow Correlation Attacks and Countermeasures in Mix Networks [bib]
Ye Zhu, Xinwen Fu, Bryan Graham, Riccardo Bettati, Wei Zhao
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
On the PET Workshop Panel “Mix Cascades Versus Peer-to-Peer: Is One Concept Superior?'' [bib]
Rainer Böhme, George Danezis, Claudia Diaz, Stefan Köpsell, Andreas Pfitzmann
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2004), 2004,
Taxonomy of Mixes and Dummy Traffic [bib]
Claudia Diaz, Bart Preneel
In Proc. of: Proceedings of I-NetSec04: 3rd Working Conference on Privacy and Anonymity in Networked and Distributed Systems, 2004,
Timing Attacks in Low-Latency Mix-Based Systems [bib]
Brian N. Levine, Michael K. Reiter, Chenxi Wang, Matthew K. Wright
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Financial Cryptography (FC '04), 2004, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 3110
Practical Anonymity for the Masses with MorphMix [bib]
Marc Rennhard, Bernhard Plattner
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Financial Cryptography (FC '04), 2004, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 3110
Mixminion: Strong Anonymity for Financial cryptography [bib]
Nick Mathewson, Roger Dingledine
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Financial Cryptography (FC '04), 2004, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 3110
Comparison between two practical mix designs [bib]
Claudia Diaz, Len Sassaman, Evelyne Dewitte
In Proc. of: Proceedings of ESORICS 2004, 2004,
Reasoning about the Anonymity Provided by Pool Mixes that Generate Dummy Traffic [bib]
Claudia Diaz, Bart Preneel
In Proc. of: Proceedings of 6th Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2004), 2004,

Reusable Anonymous Return Channels [bib]
Philippe Golle, Markus Jakobsson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2003), 2003,
Heartbeat Traffic to Counter (n-1) Attacks [bib]
George Danezis, Len Sassaman
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2003), 2003,
New Covert Channels in HTTP: Adding Unwitting Web Browsers to Anonymity Sets [bib]
Matthias Bauer
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2003), 2003,
Practical Anonymity for the Masses with Mix-Networks [bib]
Marc Rennhard, Bernhard Plattner
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the IEEE 8th Intl. Workshop on Enterprise Security (WET ICE 2003), 2003,
Provably Secure Public-Key Encryption for Length-Preserving Chaumian Mixes [bib]
Bodo Möller
In Proc. of: Proceedings of CT-RSA 2003, 2003, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2612
On the Anonymity of Timed Pool Mixes [bib]
Andrei Serjantov, Richard E. Newman
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy and Anonymity Issues in Networked and Distributed Systems, 2003, Kluwer
Mixminion: Design of a Type III Anonymous Remailer Protocol [bib]
George Danezis, Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2003,
Probabilistic Treatment of MIXes to Hamper Traffic Analysis [bib]
Dakshi Agrawal, Dogan Kesdogan, Stefan Penz
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2003,
Defending Anonymous Communication Against Passive Logging Attacks [bib]
Matthew Wright, Micah Adler, Brian Neil Levine, Clay Shields
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2003,
Mix-networks with Restricted Routes [bib]
George Danezis
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2003), 2003, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2760
Generalising Mixes [bib]
Claudia Diaz, Andrei Serjantov
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2003), 2003, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2760
Breaking and Mending Resilient Mix-nets [bib]
Lan Nguyen, Rei Safavi-Naini
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2003), 2003, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2760
Rapid Mixing and Security of Chaum's Visual Electronic Voting [bib]
Marcin Gomulkiewicz, Marek Klonowski, Miroslaw Kutylowski
In Proc. of: Proceedings of ESORICS 2003, 2003,
Mixmaster Protocol — Version 2 [bib]
Ulf Möller, Lance Cottrell, Peter Palfrader, Len Sassaman
Miscellaneous, 2003

Introducing MorphMix: Peer-to-Peer based Anonymous Internet Usage with Collusion Detection [bib]
Marc Rennhard, Bernhard Plattner
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2002), 2002,
Almost Entirely Correct Mixing With Application to Voting [bib]
Dan Boneh, Philippe Golle
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2002), 2002,
Making mix nets robust for electronic voting by randomized partial checking [bib]
Markus Jakobsson, Ari Juels, Ronald L. Rivest
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium, 2002,
From a Trickle to a Flood: Active Attacks on Several Mix Types [bib]
Andrei Serjantov, Roger Dingledine, Paul Syverson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2002), 2002, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2578
Reliable MIX Cascade Networks through Reputation [bib]
Roger Dingledine, Paul Syverson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Financial Cryptography (FC '02), 2002, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2357
Forward Secure Mixes [bib]
George Danezis
In Proc. of: Proceedings of 7th Nordic Workshop on Secure IT Systems, 2002,
Towards an information theoretic metric for anonymity [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
Andrei Serjantov, George Danezis
In Proc. of: International Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2002,
Don't Shoot the Messenger: Limiting the Liability of Anonymous Remailers [bib]
Robyn Wagner
Article in: New Mexico Law Review 32.Winter, 2002,

A verifiable secret shuffle and its application to e-voting [pdf, cached pdf, bib]
C Andrew Neff
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2001,
An Optimally Robust Hybrid Mix Network (Extended Abstract) [bib]
Markus Jakobsson, Ari Juels
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Principles of Distributed Computing - PODC '01, 2001, ACM Press
A Reputation System to Increase MIX-net Reliability [bib]
Roger Dingledine, Michael J. Freedman, David Hopwood, David Molnar
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2001), 2001, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2137

How To Break a Practical MIX and Design a New One [bib]
Yvo Desmedt, Kaoru Kurosawa
In Proc. of: Proceedings of EUROCRYPT 2000, 2000, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1803
A Length-Invariant Hybrid MIX [bib]
Miyako Ohkubo, Masayuki Abe
In Proc. of: Proceedings of ASIACRYPT 2000, 2000, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1976
The disadvantages of free MIX routes and how to overcome them [bib]
Oliver Berthold, Andreas Pfitzmann, Ronny Standtke
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Workshop on Design Issues in Anonymity and Unobservability, 2000, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2009
Web MIXes: A system for anonymous and unobservable Internet access [bib]
Oliver Berthold, Hannes Federrath, Stefan Köpsell
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Workshop on Design Issues in Anonymity and Unobservability, 2000, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2009

Flash Mixing [bib]
Markus Jakobsson
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Principles of Distributed Computing - PODC '99, 1999, ACM Press

Universally Verifiable mix-net With Verification Work Independent of The Number of mix Servers [bib]
Masayuki Abe
In Proc. of: Proceedings of EUROCRYPT 1998, 1998, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1403
Stop-and-Go MIXes: Providing Probabilistic Anonymity in an Open System [bib]
Dogan Kesdogan, Jan Egner, Roland Büschkes
In Proc. of: Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 1998), 1998, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1525
Real-Time MIXes: A Bandwidth-Efficient Anonymity Protocol [bib]
Anja Jerichow, Jan Müller, Andreas Pfitzmann, Birgit Pfitzmann, Michael Waidner
Article in: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 16.4, 1998,

Mixing E-mail With Babel [bib]
Ceki Gülcü, Gene Tsudik
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the Network and Distributed Security Symposium - NDSS '96, 1996, IEEE

Receipt-Free MIX-Type Voting Scheme - A Practical Solution to the Implementation of a Voting Booth [bib]
Joe Kilian, Kazue Sako
In Proc. of: Proceedings of EUROCRYPT 1995, 1995, Springer-Verlag

ISDN-mixes: Untraceable communication with very small bandwidth overhead [bib]
Andreas Pfitzmann, Birgit Pfitzmann, Michael Waidner
In Proc. of: Proceedings of the GI/ITG Conference on Communication in Distributed Systems, 1991,

How to Break the Direct RSA-Implementation of MIXes [bib]
Birgit Pfitzmann, Andreas Pfitzmann
In Proc. of: Proceedings of EUROCRYPT 1989, 1990, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 434

Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms [pdf, bib]
David Chaum
Article in: Communications of the ACM 24.2, 1981,

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